Cet article vise à analyser les racines biologiques et psychopathologiques de l’antisémitisme. Il privilégie la notion de dialectique afin de comprendre la transition de l’anti-judaïsme à l’antisémitisme comme passage d’une opposition d’essence spirituelle et religieuse à un rejet d’ordre national et racial. Historiquement, ce passage est contemporain de l’émergence de la biologie de la race qui a, entre autres, cristallisé les thèmes majeurs d’une tradition mythique, ayant, pendant des siècles, structuré l’identité occidentale. L’antisémitisme proprement dit, dont le terme n’apparaît qu’en (...) 1873, a transformé une opposition dialectique à l’altérité juive en ce qu’Adorno a appelé la « dialectique négative », visant à résoudre définitivement la « question Juive » par la suppression de son objet. A travers une analyse historicoconceptuelle, cet article suggère une nouvelle approche de la genèse du racisme et de l’antisémitisme nazi, d’une part, et des rapports entre la science et l’éthique, d’autre part. (shrink)

Décrivant les grandes lignes de l’avant-projet de révision des lois de bioéthique de 1994, le Premier ministre de l’époque, Lionel Jospin, s’est exprimé en faveur de l’autorisation des recherches sur l’embryon humain. Il cherchait alors à devancer les objections possibles en opposant la recherche fondamentale à la réflexion philosophique et tentait de préciser la question suivante :..

Nous souhaitons analyser la nature des relations dialectiques et complexes que la réalité biologique du VIH entretient avec, d’une part les manifestations psychiques et psychopathologiques, et d’autre part les représentations sociales du sida, qui stigmatisent le corps sidéen, par le biais de procédures discriminatoires souvent présentées comme prophylactiques. L’approche pragmatique..

This work constitutes the Proceedings of the Bar-Ilan International Symposium on the topic ?Sense and Nonsense in Philosophy and Psychopathology.? The symposium was held at Bar-Ilan University (Israel) from June 7-8, 1993, with lectures given in three languages (English, Hebrew and French). Through this symposium an outline of a philosophy of psychopathology related to biology and ethics was presented. It is now clear, especially from clinical experience, that the notions of sense and nonsense cannot be grasped directly, but must be (...) constructed through a reflective process connected with concepts. Furthermore, since psychopathology is for the most part concerned with the disturbance of intersubjective experience, it is directly related to ethics. For this reason, as clearly illustrated by this symposium, psychopathology could provide an excellent basis for philosophical interrogation. (shrink)

Spinoza devoted Chapter VI of the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus to the question of the miracle, which he considers illusory because it constitutes a purely natural phenomenon. However, he attributed to it a social and pedagogical function capable of preserving the power of the sovereign. I will analyze Spinoza’s theory of the miracle and then Hume’s theory, in order to compare them, and thus highlight the specific problems posed by their thesis. I will then analyze Hume’s probabilistic approach, by examining Bayses’ theorem. (...) I will then examine the epistemological status of testimonial knowledge. Finally, I will confront the theories of Spinoza and Hume with R. Sa‘adyah G’aon’s notion of certainty and Maimonides’ conception of miracle. (shrink)

Approximately three decades ago the question was first answered whether parasitoids are able to assess the number or origin of eggs in a host for a solitary parasitoid, Leptopilina heterotoma, by fitting theoretically derived distributions to empirical ones. We extend the set of different theoretically postulated distributions of eggs among hosts by combining searching modes and abilities in assessing host quality. In the models, parasitoids search either randomly (Poisson) (1) or by vibrotaxis (Negative Binomial) (2). Parasitoids are: (a) assumed to (...) treat all hosts equally, (b) able to distinguish them in unparasitised and parasitised hosts only, (c) able to distinguish them by the number of eggs they contained, or (d) able to recognise their own eggs. Mathematically tractable combinations of searching mode (1 and 2) and abilities (a,b,c,d) result in seven different models (M1a, M1b, M1c, M1d, M2a, M2b and M2c). These models have been simulated for a varying number of searching parasitoids and various mean numbers of eggs per host. Each resulting distribution is fitted to all theoretical models. The model with the minimum Akaike's information criterion (AIC) is chosen as the best fitting for each simulated distribution. We thus investigate the power of the AIC and for each distribution with a specified mean number of eggs per host we derive a frequency distribution for classification.Firstly, we discuss the simulations of models including random search (M1a, M1b, M1c and M1d). For M1a, M1c and M1d the simulated distributions are correctly classified in at least 70% of all cases. However, in a few cases model M1b is only properly classified for intermediate mean values of eggs per host. The models including vibrotaxis as searching behaviour (M2a, M2b and M2c) cannot be distinguished from those with random search if the mean number of eggs per host is low. Among the models incorporating vibrotaxis the three abilities are detected analogously as in models with random search. (shrink)

This paper reviews codes of ethics and codes of conduct from different countries. The differences and similarities between code content and between attitudes are considered. Distinction is drawn between a code of ethics and a code of conduct. Recommendations are made for establishing a common framework for IFIP (International Federation for Information Process) Member or Affiliate Societies.

This paper reviews codes of ethics and codes of conduct from different countries. The differences and similarities between code content and between attitudes are considered. Distinction is drawn between a code of ethics and a code of conduct. Recommendations are made for establishing a common framework for IFIP (International Federation for Information Process) Member or Affiliate Societies.

L'originalite du present recueil reside surtout dans le fait qu'il reflete dans toute sa diversite le champ mondial de l'attention philosophique au langage. Au lieu de se confiner dans un territoire particulier - que ce soit celui de l'hermeneutique allemande ou celui de l'analytisme anglo-saxon par exemple - il s'offre, tout au contraire, comme espace de confrontation authentiquement philosophique (et non de debat technique a l'interieur d'une ecole ou d'une tendance) dans lequel des pensees des langages se cotoient et se (...) rencontrent venues des horizons les plus heterogenes (informatique, theologique, hermeneutique, analytique, pragmatique, ideologique,...). Cette riche diversite manifeste aussi l'extraordinaire interet de la pensee contemporaine pour le langage, interet qui fonde peut-etre la veritable specificite de la philosophie du XXe siecle. (shrink)

Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Imagerie Ce´re´brale (LENA), Hoˆpital de La Salpeˆtrie`re, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).

Trichoderma ATCC 20476 based biofungicides have been marketed continuously on a small scale for 20 years. A more recently developed application for these biofungicides is the treatment of strawberries against the gray mold Botrytis cinerea. That application is examined in terms of Lockwood's criteria for ethics in biological control. Unaddressed risks resulting from the current scramble for market share in northern Europe are pointed out.

Reviews the contribution of neural network models in psychiatry and psychopathology, including diagnosis, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.